The Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the Ringnecked Parakeet, is a gregarious tropical parakeet species that is popular as a pet. Its scientific name commemorates the Austrian naturalist Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer. This non-migrating species is one of few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in 'disturbed habitats', and in that way withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation. In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call. As is the case with all Psittacula (Afro-Asian Ringnecked Parakeet) species, the Rose-ringed Parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male sports a black neck-ring and pink nape-band while the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck-rings and light (lighter coloured than surroundings) nape-bands. Four subspecies are recognized, though they do not differ much: * African subspecies: (P. krameri krameri): African-ringnecked (aka ARN) Parakeet : West Africa in Guinea, Senegal and southern Mauritania, east to Western Uganda, Eastern South Africa, and Southern Sudan. (P. krameri parvirostris): Abyssinian-ringnecked (aka Aby-RN) Parakeet : Northwest Somalia, west across northern Ethiopia to Sennar district, Sudan. * Asian subspecies: (P. krameri manillensis): Indian-ringnecked (aka IRN) Parakeet : Originates from the southern Indian subcontinent; and has feral and/or naturalized populations worldwide. In Australia, United States, and other western countries, it is often referred to as the Indian Ring-Necked Parakeet/Parrot. Male at Hodal, Haryana, India. Male at Hodal, Haryana, India. 'Vallbh Vidyanagar', a small town in Gujarat has thrving population of Rose-ringed Parakeet around 63,000. Vidyanagar Nature Club has safe guarded its habitat. (P. krameri borealis): boreal or Neumann's ringnecked (aka BRN) Parakeet :Bangladesh, northern India and Nepal to central Burma; introduced populations worldwide in localities. A phylogenetic analysis using DNA (see Psittacula) showed that the Mauritius Parakeet (Psittacula echo) is closely related to this species, and probably needs to be placed between the African and Asian subspecies. Consequently, this species is paraphyletic. In the wild, Rose-ringed Parakeets usually feed on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries and seeds. Wild flocks also fly several miles to forage in farmlands and orchards causing extensive damage. Rose-ringed Parakeets measure on average 40 cm (16 inches) long including the tail feathers. Its average single wing length is about 15?17.5 cm (6-7 inches). The tail accounts for a large portion of their total length. African ssp. are slender in bodies but usually display longer tail feathers (more so in mature male specimens) than Asian ssp. which are typically stockier in bodies. The former usually display darker (brownish-red) upper mandibles while the latter always display bright-red upper-mandibles. Rose-ringed Parakeets are popular as pets and they have a long history in aviculture. The ancient Greeks kept the Indian subspecies P. krameri manillensis, and the ancient Romans kept the African subspecies P. krameri krameri. Colour mutations of the Indian-ringnecked Parakeet subspecies have become widely available in recent years. The Rose-ringed Parakeet has established feral populations in India, a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the USA in Florida and California, and a small but self-sustaining population Tehran, Iran, mostly concentrated in the northern parts of city. They are also found almost throughout Israel. The European populations became established during the mid to late 20th Century from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main population centres in Britain: the largest is based around south London, Surrey and Berkshire, and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds. A smaller population occurs around Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate, Kent. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have established from time to time (e.g., at Studland, Dorset, Kensington Gardens, and South Manchester). It has been suggested that feral parrots could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the Rose-ringed Parakeet could even be culled as a result. In the Netherlands and Belgium, there exist a network of feral populations numbering 5-6000 each in urbanized areas. In Germany, these birds are found along the Rhine in all major urban areas like Cologne and Heidelberg, and in the northeast of Hamburg. Other populations are found around Paris and in Barcelona. The specimens in these naturalized populations often represent intra-specific hybrids, originally between varying numbers - according to locality - of the subspecies manillensis, borealis, and/or (to a lesser extent) krameri along with[verification needed] some inter-specific hybrids with naturalized Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine Parakeet). However, in some parts of South Asia - from where the Rose-ringed Parakeets originated, populations of these birds are decreasing due to trapping for the pet trade. Despite some people's attempts to revive their population by freeing these birds from local markets, the Rose-ringed Parakeet's population has dropped drastically in many areas of the Indian subcontinent.